Final test & Certificate

Choose the best answer for each question.

To pass: at least 8 of 10 correct.

1. Question 1. What does critical thinking actually mean?

   AAlways disagreeing and finding fault with othersBSystematically evaluating information and arguments, including your own thinkingCHolding your position regardless of evidence

2. Question 2. 'Sales fell because a new competitor entered' is what kind of statement?

   AFactBOpinionCInference

3. Question 3. Why is an 'inference' the most dangerous kind of statement?

   ABecause it's always wrongBBecause it sounds like a fact but is really an unverified hypothesisCBecause only experts are allowed to make inferences

4. Question 4. How do System 1 and System 2 thinking differ?

   ASystem 1 is fast and automatic; System 2 is slow, conscious and effortfulBSystem 1 is for beginners, System 2 for expertsCSystem 1 is always wrong, System 2 always right

5. Question 5. What is confirmation bias?

   ABeing influenced by the first number you hearBOnly seeking and believing data that supports what you already believeCOverrating things that are easy to recall

6. Question 6. How do you guard against anchoring bias in a budget meeting?

   ALet the most experienced person name a number firstBHave everyone write an independent estimate BEFORE discussionCAverage all the numbers mentioned

7. Question 7. What are the three parts of an argument?

   AConclusion – Reasons/evidence – Hidden assumptionsBIntroduction – Body – ConclusionCData – Chart – Slide

8. Question 8. 'Sales rose after we changed the logo, so it's thanks to the new logo' is which fallacy?

   AStraw manBMistaking correlation for causationCAd hominem

9. Question 9. 'Either we double the budget or we kill the project' is which fallacy?

   AFalse dilemmaBAppeal to popularityCStraw man

10. Question 10. What does the 'pre-mortem' technique mean in decision making?

    AReviewing the decision after it has been carried outBBefore committing, imagining the decision has failed and finding the causesCGetting your manager's approval before deciding